The characteristic feature of the Stick style is the use of stick work as ornamentation on the building exterior. In the best examples, a suggestion of the interior framework of the house is expressed in exterior ornamentation, although only in a very stylized fashion. In only a few examples is there a design using this stick work as a coherent motif. More commonly, a house may feature elements of this style, such as the brackets on the porch and under the cornice and a very limited use of the studs on exterior wall surfaces.
Another important characteristic shared with other styles is a picturesque exterior in terms of multiple roof planes, gables, porches, and towers...
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period Stick Style (1865-1885))))0))))))
er h;
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Seashore House
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richards
Categories of Houses
This style orginated in the work of one of America's greatest architects, Henry Hobson Richardson, who derived much of his inspiration from the medieval masonry buildings of the European Romanesque period. Although chiefly used for major public buildings, Richardson also used this style for houses of the wealthy -- perhaps only they could afford the expensive stonework that characterized the style.
arge round arches and rough quarry-faced masonry typified this style. Ornamentation from the Romanesque period, usually floral motifs, was also typical. Many architects translated it into brick with stone trim as the style grew in popularity, which was far less expensive but not what Richardson had intended.
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period Richardsonian Romanesque (1880-1900)))))))))0))))))
Franklin MacVeagh House
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queenAnne
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This style orginated in Britain with the work of the architect Richard Norman Shaw, who drew inspiration from English Renaissance period architecture. The ornamentation of these buildings combined tra-ditional Tudor period half-timbering with classical ornamentation from the Italian Renaissance. Woodwork was based on the furniture of the period, which consisted of heavy, boldly carved classical
Asymmetrical,
picturesque composition with multiple porches, towers, paneled chimneys and varied roof planes was characteristic of this style.
sophisticated early examples in America explicitly derived from the work in Britain popularized by Shaw. Gradually, ornamental treatment derived from the American Colonial Revival was substituted from decorative motifs taken from the English Renaissance. By the late 1880s, it was difficult to distinguish between Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles in America. In Canada, where English influence still predominated, this is less of a problem..
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period Queen Anne (1880-1900))))5-1880)))))))))))0))))))
Asymmetrical, picturesque composition with
motifs.
multiple porches, towers, paneled
chimneys and varied roof planes was characteristic
of this style.
aracteristic
of this style.
Newhall House
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The use of these often elevated and sheltered porches, combined with louvered blinds for doors and windows, deve-loped because shade and breezes were especially important for comfort. The use
of stucco by those who could afford it contributed to a cooling effect. effect... which provided additional elevation for the principal floor.
The use of these often elevated sheltered porches combined with louvered blinds for doors and windows, developed because shade and breezes were especially important for comfort. Similarly, the use of stucco by those who could afford it contributed to a cooling effect.
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Plantation House
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Colonial Period Mississippi Region
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Glass was more affordable for large windows, and a greater number of available craftsmen gave people the option of decorating with sophisticated Georgian style ornaments. The improvements also allowed builders to develop a central hall plan.
The growing influence of style for its own sake at the expense of practicality is evident in the popular substitution of flush-boarded siding for clapboards in an effort to imitate stone on wood houses...................................................................................................boarded siding for clapboards in an effort to imitate stone on wood houses...
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Colonial Period Architectural Styles (1600-1790)
Georgian style houses are of masonry or wood, depending upon the region and wealth of the builder. In more remote areas, a Georgian style house may have only an exterior doorway to associate it with its style, although the interior rooms may have elaborate wood moldings and paneled walls.
Cast iron stoves and advances in fireplace technology made it more practical to build chimneys on outside walls, even in northern climates.
Technological improvements made many of the changes toward more stylistic houses possible.with its style, although the interior rooms may have elaborate wood moldings and paneled walls. Technological improvements made many of the changes toward more stylistic houses possible............
shotgun
saddlebag
Saddlebag Planennnnn
Several house plan types are evolutionary
in nature in the sense that they started out as one room buildings upon which additions were made. The Saddlebag house originated in the south as a one-room structure with a chimney on one end. An additional room was then add-ed on the other side of the chimney where a new hearth was built. The two rooms were then linked by the chimney, but not by a shared wall.
The variation which reveals the sides of the chimney is an interesting cooling strategy that identifies the southern roots of this form..
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Categories of Houses
Saddlebag Plannnnnan
Historic Plan Typess
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-- Complete House --
tegories of Houses
Styles (1600-1790)
-1790)))))
Architectural Style
archStyles
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Colonial Period Architectural Styles (1600-1790)
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The predominant stylistic influence throughout the colonies was Georgian. Derived from Great Britain, this style features classical detailing -- such as pilasters, quoins, pediments, entablatures, modillion blocks, urn-shaped balusters -- and, above all, symmetrical design. The most sophisticated examples have hipped roofs.
Georgian style houses are of masonry or wood, depending upon the region and wealth of the builder. In more remote areas, a Georgian style house may have only an exterior doorway to associate it with its style, although the interior rooms may have elaborate wood moldings and paneled walls. Technological improvements made many of the changes toward more stylistic houses possible............
Westover
courtyard
richards1
italianate
The Gothic Revival style for houses outside Canada lost its popularity by 1860. The Italianate originated about the same time, and persisted well into the 1870s. The origin of this style was the Italian Renaissance, and it was popular for townhouses, country villas, or simple farmhouses. Both styles emanated from a romantic concept that houses should be picturesque and evocative of European settings.
A variety of exotic historical styles was used in architectural design (such as Moorish and Egyptian) during the 1850s. Italianate style probably survived a good two decades longer than Gothic and other exotic styles because of its greater practicality in terms of construction. The Italianate style ornament was generally less complex, and consequently easier to maintain. It also proved more suitable for mass production in millwork shops........ for mass production in willwork shops.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early Victorian Period Italianate (1850-1880))
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Victoria Mansion
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caption
Categories of Houses
Early Victorian Period (1790-1850)
dogtrot
greekRevival
tenement
richards
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period High Victorian Gothic (1865-1880)))))))))))0))))))
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House by Furness (Detail)lnd
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motifs.
More sophisticated examples used small columns with captials having floral motifs.
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period Chatauesque (1885-1905))))-1880)))))))))))0))))))
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This style doesn't tend to be hybridized, but examples such as a French Renaissance style dormer on a Colonial Revival style house can be found.
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Augusta Byram Residence (Detail)Q
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early Victorian Period Gothic revival (1840-1860)))
Americans developed their own variation of wood houses in the use of board and batten siding. Nothing about this style was practical or especially suited to the environment -- the wood-work was difficult to maintain and the board and batten siding had poor insulation qualities.
One of the most extraordinary instances of the prevalence of pure style over any other considera-tion occurred in the 1850s when the U.S. Light-house Service built keepers' houses of wood with board and batten siding on the most exposed sites of the Maine coast.e over any other considera-tion occurred in the 1850s when the U.S. Light-house Service built keepers' houses of wood with board and batten siding on the most exposed sites of the Maine coast.st.
Sala is another term for parlor, historically the most formal room of a house. The Sala Plan has many variations among Caribbean islands, but most typically consisted of a rectangular plan with a long sitting room across the front of the building followed by a large central room, the sala. Behind the sala, another gallery opened onto double wings flanking a patio, which held the dining room, kitchen and pantry. Bedrooms were on the second floor unless the house was small, in which case they might be located off a central sala that did not extend the full width of the house. Stairs were typically positioned for functional purposes, and consequently this plan did not contain a prominently located hall with a staircase to determine access to other rooms.........rooms...s.ms.........................................ocations.s..
Categories of Houses
Sala Planll Planse Plan
Historic Plan Types
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Fashion was the single most important factor in house design by the end of the 19th century. Architecture was "liberated" from the constraints of classicism on one hand, and from the reality of the environment on the other.
Early in the 20th century, this stylistic license spawned the Modern Movement in reaction to the idea that architecture should be based on anything as superficial as mere fashion.
We'll sidestep this continuing debate by simply describing some of the major American styles.and by letting you listen to critic Lewis Mumford's thoughts on a modern regionalism, removed from the world of style.tyle..........
Categories of Houses
The Place of Style
Historic Stylesypes
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It is probably true that this and other styles that supplanted the Greek Revival during the 1840s were due to a change in fashion -- people were tired of relatively austere classical ornament, to say nothing of living in a house shaped like a Greek temple.
However, advances in woodworking machinery and architectural publications also made possible widespread adaptations of romantic styles. Popular writers such as Andrew Jackson Downing wrote style books which explicitly advocated Gothic, Italian, and other styles as an alternative to the Greek Revival. Improvements in woodworking machines such as the jig saw and scroll saw made it
mass produce intricate ornamentation that heretofore had been largely produced by hand.
e had been largely produced by hand. Less wealthy homebuilders could then construct elaborately ornamented houses, and local carpenter-builders could fashion their own interpretations of ornament.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early Victorian Period Introduction
ornamentation that heretofore had been largely produced by hand. Less wealthy home builders could then construct elaborately ornamented houses, and local carpenter-builders could fashion their own interpretations of ornament.
Central heating was commonly introduced for the better off in this period, while large stoves became the norm for the common man.
The period shortly before the Civil War also saw the emergence of architecture as a pro-fession, which had a profound effect on the reshaping of stylistic fashions.
style in favor of the new stylistic fashions in his 1842 publication, Cottage Residences......... on Audio to hear what Andrew Jackson Downing wrote about the rejection of the Greek Revival style in favor of the new stylistic fashions in his 1842 publication, Cottage Residences...vor of the new stylistic fashions in his 1842 publication, Cottage Residences.
possible to mass produce intricate
ornamentation that
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Elias Brown House
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charleston
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archStyles
federal
highVGothic
dogtrot
Dog-Trot Planeeennnn
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This is another Southern variation of the two room house. In this case, each room has its own chimney on the outside wall and the two rooms are united in the middle by a breezeway. A veranda might also encircle the entire structure....ructure.
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Categories of Houses
Dog-Trot Plannnnnnan
Historic Plan Types
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gothicRevival
lateVictorian
SSIZE
southwest
caribbean
archStyles
The Hudson River Valley Dutch settlement also produced stylistic influences, but examples in an urban context have mostly vanished; however, rural houses with what is popularly called Dutch gambrel roofs still survive.
The influence of French architecture is more evident in New Orleans and Quebec. In the 18th century, however, this influence was more evident in public buildings. Similarly, Spanish Baroque architecture is largely confined to churches.
Anglo-Saxon dominance of the North American continent ensured that the Georgian style would dictate architectural fashions in most regions..
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Colonial Period Architectural Styles (1600-1790)
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Westover
extendedFarmhouse
Biblio
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By the late 1880s, it was difficult to distinguish between Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles in America. This was less of a problem
in Canada, where English influence still dominated.nt..this was less of a problem...........en from the English Renaissance. By the late 1880s, it was difficult to distinguish between Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles in America. In Canada, where English influence still predominated, this was less of a problem..
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period Queen Anne (1880-1900))))5-1880)))))))))))0))))))
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The most sophisticated early examples in America explicitly derived from the work in
Britain popularized by Shaw. Gradually, orna-mental treatment derived from the American Colonial Revival was substituted from decora-tive motifs taken from the English Renaissance.
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Newhall House
histStyles
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Categories of Houses
Extended Farmhouse Plan
Historic Plan Typess
As the practicality of this plan became apparent, it was adapted for houses built all at once -- even when little or no farming was involved or a carriage barn replaced the livestock or hay barn. This form of housing was not popular beyond New England, probably because farms were larger and more diversified with more outbuildings........ced the livestock or hay barn.
This form of housing was not popular beyond New England, probably because farms were larger and more diversified with more outbuildings.
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HOUSE DESIGN
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More importantly for long term trends in house planning, the living hall opened up new possibili-ties for room arrangements. The symmetrical box with attached wing was abandoned for an asym-metrical arrangement in which the main section of the house need not be square or rectangular with the wing extended out at odd angles to make best advantage of the site or serve household requirements. This concept in house planning originated in homes for the rich, but was suited to the needs of the middle class on a much reduced scale. Most of the houses built in picturesque Victorian styles, such as Queen Anne, Stick, and Shingle, made use of the living hall concept. Maria G. van Renssellaer articulated these new concepts of house planning. Click on Audio to hear an excerpt from her article American Country..Country try ry t from her article American Country Country ountry erican Country ry
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Categories of Houses
Living Hall Planse Plan
Historic Plan Types
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shotgun
earlyVictorian
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shotgun
Shotgun Plannnnnnnan
The origin of this house type may be traced to Haiti and New Orleans, where poor, working class housing was built of one story on narrow lots. The basic concept is two or more rooms strung out in a row linked by connecting doors rather than a hall. This arrangement provided better cross ventilation in hot, humid climates.
A variation of this plan was the Camelback house in which a two story extension was added on the rear that was still within the confines of the narrow lot..
Historic Plan Types
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Shotgun plan
Categories of Houses
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placeStyle
Architectural styles are convenient, if imperfect, labels
to categorize buildings that share certain characteristics.
Many factors other than fashion or style entered into
building design in any historic period --- culture, tradition,
environment, availability of materials, and advances in
technology. Since the balanced influence of these factors
is most apparent in the Colonial Period, we begin this review of style in that time, region by region.
Following the Colonial Period, advances in technology and communication produced an increasingly homogenous culture. The distinct regional differences of climate and culture, so well expressed in the early architecture of the colonies, gradually faded.
he 19th century, fashion was the single most important factor in house design. Architecture was liberated from the constraints of classicism on the one hand, and from the reality of the environment on the other.
Early in the 20th century, this stylistic license eventually spawned the Modern Movement as a reaction to the idea that architecture should be based on anything so superficial as mere fashion. We'll sidestep this continuing debate by simply describing some of the major American styles and by letting you listen to critic Lewis Mumford's thoughts on a modern regionalism, removed from the world of style...
Categories of Houses
The Place of Style
Historic Stylesypes
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HOUSE DESIGN
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HOUSE DESIGN
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treatment derived from the American Colonial Revival was substituted from decora-tive motifs taken from the English Renaissance.
courtyard
midatlantic
Advances in woodworking technology made it possible for larger houses to be more affordable, provided one did not clutter the roof with numerous dormers and gables.
The ornamentation on an Italianate style house was derived from the Italian Renaissance, and thus was classical in origin. A bracket under the eaves sometimes led to the use of the term bracketed style. Another characteristic was a round arched window which led to the use of the term round arched style in Germany, where the style was also popular. to the use of the term bracketed style. Another characteristic was a round arched window which led to the use of the term round arched style in Germany, where the style was also popular....................................................................................................................................................................
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early Victorian Period Italianate (1850-1880))
A variety of exotic historical styles was used in architectural design (such as Moorish and Egyptian) during the 1850s. Italianate style probably survived a good two decades longer than Gothic and other exotic styles because of its greater practicality in terms of construction. The Italianate style ornament was generally less complex, and consequently easier to maintain. It also proved more suitable for mass production in millwork shops.
The Italianate style house itself is a full two stories with a simplified roof configuration, such as a hip, rather than multiple gables and dormers characteristic of the Gothic style.
shotgun
Shotgun Plannnnnnnan
The origin of this house type may be traced to Haiti and New Orleans, where poor, working class housing was built of one story on narrow lots. The basic concept is two or more rooms strung out in a row linked by connecting doors rather than a hall. This arrangement provided better cross ventilation in hot, humid climates.
A variation of this plan was the Camelback house in which a two story extension was added on the rear that was still within the confines of the narrow lot..
Historic Plan Types
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Shotgun plan
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HOUSE DESIGN
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The Greek war for independence in the 1820's kindled a new American passion for things Greek as an emblem of ancient demo-cratic ideals. Building houses in the form of Greek temples was only the most obvious manifestation of this popular fashion.
Since most people couldn't afford a portico with columns on the front of their house, a full pediment on the gable end of the principle facade was a more common feature.
The Greek Revival may have led to an in-crease in the popularity of the side hall, back hall, and L-shaped plans. Although classical
in derivation, as was the Federal style which preceded it, ornamentation tended to be larger and bolder in line with the less complex
motifs used in ancient Greece.
:PHYSSIZE
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early National Period Greek Revival (1790-1850)))0)
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Elias Brown House
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Categories of Houses
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HOUSE DESIGN
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Late Victorian Period (1880-1900)
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lateVictorian
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Trends begun before the Civil War were accelerated during the post-Civil War era. The use of woodworking machinery to mass produce ornamentation became commonplace; new building materials such as poured concrete and terra cotta were introduced. The profession of architecture was firmly established, and architectural journals and pattern books proliferated. In the late 1870s, George F. Palliser introduced the concept of mail order house plans.
Architecture grew increasingly homogenous, with houses from Maine to California built from the same plans. At the same time, the imagination and design skills of local architects and builders ensured that examples of the Victorian architecture that surprise and delight can be found in most communities today.
The other major change during this period was a departure from traditional floor plans. The increasingly picturesque character of domestic architecture was particularly suited to more freely designed and open floor plans, such as the Living Hall Plan.
Hall Plan....an..nd open floor plans such as the Living Hall Plan...
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period (1880-1900))))))
northeast
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Archaeological evidence indicates that many of the first settlers in the 17th century built medieval half-timbered houses on posts in the ground, a common practice in their native Europe. That these houses didn't survive is testimony to their unsuitability to northern climates. For this reason, a type of wood frame structure quicky evolved in which a timber frame set on a stone foundation was sheathed with clapboards (also called weatherboards). These early houses retained certain features characteristic of medieval building traditions, such as the second floor overhang found on so-called garrison houses.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Colonial Period Northeast Region
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Stanley Whitman House
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victorian
It is probably true that this and other styles that supplanted the Greek Revival during the 1840s were due to a change in fashion -- people were tired of relatively austere classical ornament, to say nothing of living in a house shaped like a Greek temple.
However, advances in woodworking machinery and architectural publications also made possible widespread adaptations of romantic styles. Popular writers such as Andrew Jackson Downing wrote style books which explicitly advocated Gothic, Italian, and other styles as an alternative to the Greek Revival. Improvements in woodworking machines such as the jig saw and scroll saw made it
mass produce intricate ornamentation that heretofore had been largely produced by hand.
e had been largely produced by hand. Less wealthy homebuilders could then construct elaborately ornamented houses, and local carpenter-builders could fashion their own interpretations of ornament.
possible to mass produce intrica
possible to mass produce intricate
ornamentation that
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N :PHYSSIZE
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early Victorian Period Introduction
ornamentation that heretofore had been largely produced by hand. Less wealthy home builders could then construct elaborately ornamented houses, and local carpenter-builders could fashion their own interpretations of ornament.
Central heating was commonly introduced for the better off in this period, while large stoves became the norm for the common man.
The period shortly before the Civil War also saw the emergence of architecture as a pro-fession, which had a profound effect on the reshaping of stylistic fashions.
style in favor of the new stylistic fashions in his 1842 publication, Cottage Residences......... on Audio to hear what Andrew Jackson Downing wrote about the rejection of the Greek Revival style in favor of the new stylistic fashions in his 1842 publication, Cottage Residences...vor of the new stylistic fashions in his 1842 publication, Cottage Residences.
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The more well-to-do could afford a tower on the front, which usually contained the entrance. For those with a more restricted budget, a cupola was built on the peak of a hipped roof. Cupolas had no practical purpose -- they merely served as an ex-pression of the picturesque ideal. The most eco-nomical versions of these houses had neither tower nor cupola, and perhaps only segmental arched windows instead of the full round arch.
Click on Audio to hear some of the romantic ideas of Alexander Jackson Downing.lexander Jackson Downing........
Early Victorian Period Gothic Revival (1840-1860)))))
Americans developed their own variation of wood houses in the use of board and batten siding. Nothing about this style was practical or especially suited to the environment -- the wood-work was difficult to maintain and the board and batten siding had poor insulation qualities.
One of the most extraordinary instances of the prevalence of pure style over any other consideration occurred in the 1850s when the U.S. Lighthouse Service built keepers' houses of wood with board and batten siding on the most exposed sites of the Maine coast...e over any other considera-tion occurred in the 1850s when the U.S. Light-house Service built keepers' houses of wood with board and batten siding on the most exposed sites of the Maine coast.st.
Gothic Revival style was especially popular in Britain, but is commonly found in Canada where stone was considered the most authentic material because original Euro-pean examples were of stone. Americans developed their own variation of wood houses in the use of board and batten siding. Nothing about this style was practical or especially suited to the environment -- the wood-work was difficult to maintain and the board and batten siding had poor insulation qualities.
One of the most extraordinary instances of the prevalence of pure style over any other considera-tion occurred in the 1850s when the U.S. Light-house Service built keepers' houses of wood with board and batten siding on the most exposed sites of the Maine coast.st.
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House near Kintore, Canada
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early Victorian Period Gothic Revival (1840-1860)))
High Victorian Gothic style derived from Great Britain, where the art critic John Ruskin popular-ized Venetian Gothic architecture. It was used in masonry buildings, chiefly brick, and is easily distinguished by the use of Gothic arches and
polychromatic masonry trim. More sophisticated examples used small columns with captials having floral motifs.
captial
Captial: the distinctive treatment of the upper end of a column, pilaster, or such.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period High Victorian Gothic (1865-1880)))))))))))0))))))
polychromatic -- showing a variety or change of colors.
could afford timber framed houses. The popular conception of a farmer building a log house to provide a quick and relatively inexpensive shelter is accurate; what isn't commonly known is that many log houses built in the late 18th and 19th centuries were covered with clapboards very early on and thus cannot be identified today from exterior appearances.....s....s..........uries still survive, but were covered with clapboards very early on and thus cannot be identified from exterior appearances....pboards very early on and thus cannot be identified from exterior appearances.ve, but were covered with clapboards very early on and thus cannot be identified from exterior appearances.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Colonial Period Northeast Region
Clapboards and pitched roofs shed rain and snow while central chimneys dispersed heat throughout the house. The central chimney location also effect-ed the floor plan arrangement. Masonry buildings were not desirable in cold, damp climates because of the inefficiency of heating a house with fireplaces.. with fireplaces.
Housing types in the Caribbean region bear strong similarities to early architecture in the Mississippi region. Houses with raised first floors, broad verandas, hipped roofs, stucco facing, and louvered blinds are common. The use of multiple louvered doorways off verandas instead of windows with sash provide an interesting variation. On Jamaica, for example, houses also employ coolers, or louvered awnings with shed roofs built about 18 inches out from each window to further deflect the rays of the sun.
While some houses feature the Plantation House plan, others make use of the Sala plan. Small wood frame houses, on the other hand, were built with two, three or four room plans with no hall or staircase --- the major defining feature in houses built on the American mainland..nland..rican mainland..and.d.ainland..nd.
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Historic Styles
Categories of Houses
Colonial Period Caribbean Regionon
While some houses feature the Plantation House plan, others make use of the Sala plan. Small wood frame houses, on the other hand, were built with two, three or four room plans with no hall or staircase the major defining feature in houses built on
the American mainland..............
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southwest
Unlike other European settlers, the Spanish found that Native Americans had developed a building material ideally suited to their own needs. The adobe architecture of the southwest tribes was adopted by the Spanish for their own dwellings. Wood, however, was uncommon and therefore not in widespread use as a building material.
Rather than the multi-storied pueblos built by Native American tribes, the Spanish developed missions which combined several dwelling units and a church into a small community. These generally consisted of one story with nearly flat roofs pitched to shed water, or gable roofs covered with tile. with tile.
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Colonial Period Southwest Regionon
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Mission Santa In
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extendedFarmhouse
Northern climates produced their own tradition of evolutionary building plans. The New England extended farmhouse began with small houses with a Central Chimney plan arrangement. As the farmer prospered, he built a larger second house. The original dwelling was moved behind the new structure and converted to a kitchen wing. During winter the older house often retained its original primacy as the principal living space because of the difficulties in heating the larger house.
A woodshed and barn were attached to the rear of the kitchen wing; thus the farmer could travel from house to barn without leaving the shelter of his extended farmhouse.
practicality of this plan became apparent, it was adapted for houses built all at once, even when little or no farming was involved, and there was a carriage barn instead of a livestock or hay barn. This form of housing was not popular beyond New England, probably because farms were larger and more diversified with more outbuildings.ith more outbuildings....gs.........gs..............a
Although this style was truly national in scope, it symbol-
ized different values in different regions: "civic virtue and social reform" in the east; "simple ways and democratic strength" in the west; and "the heritage of slavery and aristocratic leader-ship" in the south.in ancient Greece.
Although this style was truly national in scope, it symbolized different values in different regions: "civic virtue and social reform" in the east; "simple ways and democratic strength" in the west; and "the heritage of slavery and aristocratic leadership" in the south.cratic leadership" in the south.
Historic Styles
Early National Period Greek Revival (1790-1850)))0)
foot1
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Categories of Houses
See Building the Dream by Gwendolyn Wright, p. 33. See Bibliography, History of Architecture.........
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House in Harpersfield, NY
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mansard
Also known as Second Empire, the Mansard Style originated in France, and first appeared in America in Boston during the late 1840s. Although early examples owed much to the influence of
prevalent styles in the France of Napoleon III, the only important distinction between this style and Italianate was the mansard roof.
The mansard roof originated in France as a
tax dodge. A French property owner was taxed based on the number of floors in his building. By building a two part roof with almost vertical sur-faces surmounted by a hip, an additional full story was created where the attic should have been. In America this was not an issue, and the roof was employed for purely stylistic reasons. It proved especially popular in New England, and was referred to at the time as a French roof.
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early Victorian Period Mansard (1850-1880)80))
referred to at the time as a French roof.
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other
Historical styles were combined in any fashion that suited the architect or client. Historians have attempted to employ other stylistic terms, such as "Eastlake." Examples under this term are given which could as easily be classified as Queen Anne, Stick style, or, more typically elements of both. The key point is that advances in woodworking machinery made possible large houses with an abundance of ornamentation.
Ornamentation design was limited only by the imagination of the designer, and included porch posts and balusters, window and cornice trim, shingles cut in a variety of patterns combined with clapboards, or other types of novelty siding.
Ornamentation usually purchased from a manufacturer, such as terra cotta or cast iron cresting, was more typical.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period Other Picturesque Motifs (1875-1895))))))))0))))))
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San Francisco House
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HOUSE DESIGN
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Tenement Planhouse Plan
Historic Plan Types
Improved variations of the Tenement Plan were developed by the latter half of the 19th century when it was fashionable for the well-to-do to reside in apartments.
Categories of Houses
:PHYSSIZE
er and more diversified with more outbuildings.
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midatlantic
Brick and stone have long been traditional building materials in Great Britain, and these materials were more suitable in hot and humid climates. Stone counterparts to the medieval buildings constructed of wood in the northeast exist in the American south. Chimneys were located on the exterior of buildings since their primary purpose was for cooking rather than heating.
Of course, less expensive dwellings were also built of timber frame or logs. Examples of early houses using these materials are hard
to find, possibly because wood buildings are more susceptible to rot in southern climates and thus did not survive in the same quantity as in the north. th.
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Bacon's Castlee
Historic Styles
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Colonial Period Mid-Atlantic & South
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federal
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In 1798, Asher Benjamin wrote the first pattern book published in the United States. The popularity of his later books indicates the decline of regional char-acteristics in house building and the emergence of a desire to create a uniform national style of architec-ture to represent the cultural aspirations of the young nation.
Benjamin's "model homes" promoted what is com-monly known as the Federal style, which was popular from about 1790 until the 1830s. It is also known as Adamsesque style, which is probably more accurate because it orginated in England in the work of the Adams brothers.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early National Period Federal Style (1790-1850)0)
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pattern book -- a collection of illustrations of houses intended to be authentic American prototypes..
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Miller House
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d intended.
charleston
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The City of Charleston, South Carolina, has many examples of another plan type developed in response to the southern climate. The principle of having rooms in single file to achieve cross ventilation was elaborated on with a long veranda, usually facing a garden on the north side to catch the prevailing winds. Built on narrow urban lots, the other side of the house faced the porch side of the building next door.
The entrance was typically located facing the street in a vestibule on the end of the veranda, thus shutting off the open porch to street traffic. If the veranda was two stories, the doorway was located beneath the porch at one end. For a two story veranda, the doorway was still located at one end of the veranda
Categories of Houses
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lansTypes
Charleston Planuse Plan
Historic Plan Types
tenement
Tenement Plannse Plan
The 19th century tenement was simply a building with two or more housing units for rent. This differed from a boarding house, which held single bedrooms and a common dining room. The tenement as a plan type consisted of multiple housing units under a single roof, linked by a common hall. The one important variation of this plan type was the introduction of light courts in a building's center to improve natural lighting and ventilation.
Improved variations of the Tenement Plan were developed by the latter half of the 19th century when it was fashionable for the well-to-do to reside in apartments.
Categories of Houses
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Tenement Planhouse Plan
Historic Plan Types
courtyard
Courtyard Planse Plan
The basic form of this plan was widely used throughout Central America and the southwestern United States, and is a
hybrid of Native American and Spanish influences. It consisted of a courtyard surrounded by a large number of small rooms which opened onto the courtyard and served a variety of household functions. Rooms may or may not have been linked to each other through door-ways. The outside walls had few or no windows, and in urban areas shared a common wall with adjoining structures.
Larger homes in the country (known as haciendas), might include a second court-yard at the rear that served as a corral for animals.
ounding that space were for livestock and storage. The Courtyard Plan worked for multi-family arrangements where self defense was necessary...ense was necessary..
Categories of Houses
Rooms surrounding that space were for livestock and storage. The Courtyard Plan worked for multi-family arrangements where self defense was necessary..that space were for livestock and storage. The Courtyard Plan worked for multi-family arrangements where self defense was necessary.
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Courtyard Planouse Plan
Historic Plan Types
livingHall
During the late 1870s, the fashion for country homes and summer cottages led to new think-ing about house plans. By then, any house of substantial value was designed by an architect, and most architects were aware of the trends in country house design emanating from Great Britain.
The central feature of the country house design was called a living hall. This term signified that the entrance hall was enlarged to include not only the staircase but also a large open space with a fireplace large enough to include benches on either side, called an inglenook. This living hall became the principal gathering place for family and friends before dispersing to rooms such as the library, music room, dining room, or billiard room.
Categories of Houses
Living Hall Planse Plan
Historic Plan Types
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ept in house planning originated in homes for the rich, it suited the needs of the middle class as well, albeit on a much reduced scale. Most of the houses built in the popular picturesque Victorian styles, such as Queen Anne, Stick, and Shingle, made use of the living hall concept.
In 1886, American architectural critic Maria G. van Renssellaer articulated these new concepts of house planning. Click on Audio to hear an excerpt from her article American Country Dwellings... American Country Dwellings.s..
Living Hall Planse Plan
Historic Plan Types
The more well-to-do could afford a tower on the front, which usually contained the entrance. For those with a more restricted budget, a cupola was built on the peak of a hipped roof. Cupolas had no practical purpose -- they merely served as an ex-pression of the picturesque ideal. The most eco-nomical versions of these houses had neither tower nor cupola, and perhaps only segmental arched windows instead of the full round arch.
Click on Audio to hear some of the romantic ideas of Alexander Jackson Downing.lexander Jackson Downing........
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early Victorian Period Italianate (1850-1880))
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Victoria Mansion (Detail)
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Mississippi Region
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Although a distinction in building materials by region continued (wood still more common in the north), outstanding examples of the style in brick could be found in Charleston, South Carolina and in Boston, Massachusetts. As with the Georgian style, examples built by less wealthy individuals or in remote locations might feature only a doorway ornamented on the exterior.
...the pressure for restraint dominated appeals
for the adornment of private property, at least
through the 1830's. In theory, in classless
America, all dwellings would embody the same
principles and would therefore look alike. (FN}}}}}}}
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early National Period Federal Style (1790-1850)0)
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foot1
See Building the Dream, by Gwendolyn Wright, p. 25. See Bibliography, History of Architecture.........
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Pingree House
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period Other Picturesque Motifs (1875-1895))))))))0))))))
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Ornamentation design was limited only by the imagination of the designer, and included porch posts and balusters, window and cornice trim, shingles cut in a variety of patterns combined with clapboards, or other types of novelty siding. Ornamentation usually purchased from a manufacturer, such as terra cotta or cast iron cresting, was more typical. Woodwork was often purchased from a supplier, but could as easily be fabricated in a local millwork shop.
San Francisco House (Detail)
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Woodwork was often purchased from a supplier, but could as easily be fabricated in a local millwork shop. p. l. Woodwork was often also purchased from a supplier, but could as easily be fabricated in a local millwork shop. es of how such ornam
plantation
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French settlers developed a house type with a raised first floor enclosed by a veranda on two or three sides. The basement, which was on the ground floor level, contained kitch-ens and service areas. Two sets of linear rooms separated by a central hall character-ized the main floor. With the staircase at the rear, this plan promoted cross ventilation in a way similar to the Shotgun House..
Categories of Houses
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Plantation House Plannn
Historic Plan Types
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Plantation House Plannn
Historic PlansTypes
polygonal
Orson Fowler popularized the concept of the octagon house in 1848. The benefit of this plan, which need not be eight-sided, was the variety of room plans that could be achieved in a single building envelope. The designer could better take advantage of natural lighting and the easy circulation possible with a central staircase below a cupola at the peak of the roof.
It was perhaps the first instance in which a house type, offering a freely developed floor plan, achieved a certain widespread popularity..
Categories of Houses
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Polygonal Planouse Plan
Historic Plan Types
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The chief characteristic of this style is the delicacy and small scale of the ornament which, like the Georgian, derived from classical architecture. Georgian moldings, however, are typically larger with very bold profiles. The scale of the ornament thus pro-vides the quickest way to distinguish between the two styles..nation.
Benjamin's "model homes" promoted what is com-monly known as the Federal style, which was popular from about 1790 until the 1830s. It is also known as Adamsesque style, which is probably more accurate because it orginated in England in the work of the Adams brothers.
The chief characteristic of this style is the delicacy and small scale of the ornament which, like the Georgian, derived from classical architecture. Georgian moldings, however, are typically larger with very bold profiles. Thus it is the scale of the ornament that provides the quickest way to distinguish between the two styles.s.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Early National Period Federal Style (1790-1850)0)
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northeast
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Archaeological evidence indicates that many of the first settlers in the 17th century built medieval half-timbered houses on posts in the ground, a common practice
in their native Europe. That these houses didn't survive is testimony to their unsuit-
ability to northern climates. For this reason, a type of wood frame structure quicky evolved in which a timber frame set on a stone foundation was sheathed with clap-boards (also called weatherboards). These early
certain features characteristic of medieval build-ing traditions, such as the second floor overhang found on so-called garrison houses.
These early houses retained
traditions, such as the second floor overhang found on so-called
garrison houses....floor overhang found on so-called garrison houses.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Colonial Period Northeast Region
:PHYSSIZE
certain features characteristic of medieval building traditions, such as the second floor overhang found on so-called garrison houses...................................
Stanley Whitman House
mississippi
French influences produced a regional variation in the Mississippi region of North America. French settlers familiar with their
own building traditions employed medieval half-timber construction techniques.
A stucco covering of these houses -- whether half-timber, log, or stone -- was a traditional European technique used to disguise building materials. Unlike in the northeast, stucco was more suitable in the temperate climates of the Mississippi Valley.
French settlers developed a type of house design which spread throughout much of the lower south. This design used a hipped roof which encompassed a porch that often ran around all four sides of the house. Where possible, many of these houses had basement levels above ground which provided additional elevation for the principal floor.
se often elevated sheltered porches combined with louvered blinds for doors and windows, developed because shade and breezes were especially important for comfort. Similarly, the use of stucco by those who could afford it contributed to a cooling effect.
:PHYSSIZE
French settlers developed a type of house design which spread throughout much of the lower south. This design used a hipped roof which encompassed a porch that often ran around all four sides of the house. Wherever possible, many of
houses had basement levels above ground which provided additional elevation for the principal floor.
these houses had basement levels above ground which provided additional elevation for the principal floor.
onal elevation for the principal floor.
round all four sides of the house. Where possible, many of these houses had basement levels above ground which provided additional elevation for the principal floor.
Large round arches and rough quarry-faced masonry typified this style. Ornamentation from the Romanesque period, usually floral motifs, was also typical. Many architects translated it into brick with stone trim as the style grew in popularity, which was far less expensive but
not what Richardson had intended..
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period Richardsonian Romanesque (1880-1900)))))))))0))))))
Categories of Houses
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Franklin MacVeagh House (Detail)
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
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HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
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chatauesque
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late Victorian Period Chatauesque (1885-1905))))-1880)))))))))))0))))))
With the rise of the profession of architecture, a conscious desire grew to look at the architecture of the European continent rather than simply Britain. Architects studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, or simply traveled to Europe to study and sketch architecture.
The Chatauesque style derived from the architecture of the French Renaissance, and was especially popular among the very wealthy. The George Vanderbilt Mansion in Asheville, North Carolina, is perhaps the most famous example in which the style was fairly explicitly copied from historic precedents. It was more commonly found in urban centers. This style doesn't tend to be hybridized, but examples such as a French Renaissance style dormer on a Colonial Revival style house can be found..be found.
Can you share decision-making with them? With your spouse or partner? Really?
Can you handle delays?
Can you handle disruption of routines and living space for several months or longer?
Is your optimism balanced with reality?
Have you honestly admitted what you want your house to say about you? Write it down.
Would you rather be _________ing? (Fill in the blank yourself.)
Think over these questions and get a frank
opinion from a trusted and honest friend.
our first test.
:PHYSSIZE
Courtesy Andersen
:PHYSSIZE
Courtesy Andersen
On to Construction
Personality
Deciding to Build
HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
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family
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location
Where do you want to live and why do you choose that location?
List the qualities you seek, and weigh the pros and cons of a number of criteria when you look at land. Here are a few to get you started: proximity to work, schools, churches, recreation, parks, shoppping, public transportation, fire and police protection, friends, and cultural activities.
Other factors are noise level, air and water quality, and distance from highways, factories, power stations, and other potential problem sites.
w well the town or city maintains roads and pro-vides services, and the kinds of zoning regulations can make a difference. Check out the tax structure and the town planning for your area.
Courtesy Lindal Cedar Homes
:PHYSSIZE
On to Construction
Location
Deciding to Build
How well the town or city maintains roads and provides services, and the kinds of zoning regula-tions can make a difference. Check out the tax structure and the town planning for your area.
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:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
The site itself poses questions. Is the title clear and the deed unrestricted?
Is it possible to build with minimal clearing?
Can utilities, water, and people come to the house easily? Can water and waste go away from the house easily?
clear and the deed unrestricted?
Is it possible to build with minimal clearing?
r area.
he site itself poses questions. Is the title clear and the deed unrestricted? Is it possible to build with minimal clearing? Can utilities, water, and people come to the house easily? Can water and waste go away from the house easily?e easily?
Courtesy Lindal Cedar Homes
Courtesy Andersen
Do you have good orientation to the sun and wind? Good soil and drainage? The mix of privacy and neighborliness you and other household members like?
wind? Good soil and drainage? The mix of privacy and neighborliness you and other household members like?
to the sun and wind? Good soil and drainage? The mix of privacy and neighborliness you and other household members like?
like?
On to Construction
Location
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Recycling your existing house may be less expensive and less disruptive than building and moving to a new one. It is less wasteful of land and resources. If you like your location, it's a good choice.
Buying and rehabilitating a "handyman special" offers some of the same advantages as changing your own. Be sure to have a qualified inspection of the house before you buy -- you don't want to rebuild the entire house.
mily housing is a third possibility. You could do this in a partnership or you could rent the other unit(s). Shared walls between units use materals more efficiently and can reduce heating and cooling costs. Small urban lots encourage this option.
hared housing is a variation on the multi-family house. Unrelated adults, with or without children, may choose to live
:PHYSSIZE
Courtesy Velux
On to Construction
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otherOptions
After learning more about designing and building a house, yourself, and your budget, you may decide building a new house isn't for you right now.
But if you still need more space or a different location, and if you're not happy with existing houses available to you, there are some other options.
Renovation is the big one. It may be that your current house can be changed or enlarged. The ideas and guidelines offered in Complete House apply to remodeling as well....